Lobotomy
A lobotomy , or leucotomy , is a form of psychosurgery , a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex . [2] Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used for psychiatric and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades. This was despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. While some people experienced symptomatic improvement with the operation, the improvements were achieved at the cost of creating other impairments. The procedure was controversial from its initial use in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. Today, lobotomy has become a disparaged procedure, a byword for medical barbarism and an exemplary instance of the medical trampling of patients' rights. [3]
Page Revisions
| Year | Metadata | Sections | Top Words | First Paragraph |
| 2018 |
258747 characters 20 sections 48 paragraphs 10 images 248 internal links 123 external links |
moniz 0.495 frontal 0.253 freeman 0.234 lobes 0.231 lobotomy 0.229 procedure 0.202 fulton 0.182 leucotomy 0.175 psychosurgery 0.108 surgical 0.107 burckhardt 0.105 operation 0.100 lobotomies 0.099 surgery 0.093 lobe 0.093 |
A lobotomy , or leucotomy , is a form of psychosurgery , a neurosurgical treatment of a mental disorder that involves severing connections in the brain's prefrontal cortex . [2] Most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex, the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain are severed. It was used for psychiatric and occasionally other conditions as a mainstream procedure in some Western countries for more than two decades. This was despite general recognition of frequent and serious side effects. While some people experienced symptomatic improvement with the operation, the improvements were achieved at the cost of creating other impairments. The procedure was controversial from its initial use in part due to the balance between benefits and risks. Today, lobotomy has become a disparaged procedure, a byword for medical barbarism and an exemplary instance of the medical trampling of patients' rights. [3] |
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| 2017 |
251035 characters 20 sections 48 paragraphs 10 images 245 internal links 110 external links |
moniz 0.496 frontal 0.254 freeman 0.234 lobes 0.231 lobotomy 0.222 procedure 0.208 fulton 0.182 leucotomy 0.175 psychosurgery 0.108 surgical 0.107 burckhardt 0.105 operation 0.100 lobotomies 0.099 surgery 0.093 lobe 0.093 |
Lobotomy ( Greek : λοβός lobos " lobe (of brain )"; τομή tomē "cut, slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός leukos "clear, white" and tomē ). It consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. |
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| 2016 |
248042 characters 20 sections 50 paragraphs 10 images 250 internal links 106 external links |
moniz 0.497 frontal 0.254 lobes 0.240 freeman 0.235 procedure 0.209 lobotomy 0.208 fulton 0.183 leucotomy 0.176 psychosurgery 0.108 surgical 0.108 burckhardt 0.105 operation 0.101 surgery 0.093 neurosurgeon 0.091 lobotomies 0.090 |
Lobotomy ([λοβός lobos ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup ( help ) " lobe (of brain )"; τομή tomē "cut, slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός leukos "clear, white" and tomē ). It consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. |
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| 2015 |
247619 characters 20 sections 50 paragraphs 10 images 243 internal links 106 external links |
moniz 0.496 frontal 0.254 lobes 0.239 freeman 0.235 lobotomy 0.215 procedure 0.208 fulton 0.182 leucotomy 0.175 psychosurgery 0.108 surgical 0.107 burckhardt 0.105 operation 0.100 surgery 0.093 neurosurgeon 0.091 lobotomies 0.090 |
Lobotomy ([λοβός lobos ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup ( help ) " lobe (of brain )"; τομή tomē "cut, slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός leukos "clear, white" and tomē ). It consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. |
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| 2014 |
244775 characters 20 sections 50 paragraphs 10 images 238 internal links 101 external links |
3. The development of leucotomy |
moniz 0.497 frontal 0.254 lobes 0.239 freeman 0.235 lobotomy 0.215 procedure 0.208 fulton 0.182 leucotomy 0.176 psychosurgery 0.108 surgical 0.108 burckhardt 0.105 operation 0.100 surgery 0.093 neurosurgeon 0.091 lobotomies 0.090 |
Lobotomy ([λοβός lobos ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup ( help ) " lobe (of brain )"; τομή tomē "cut, slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός leukos "clear, white" and tome ). It consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. |
| 2013 |
232950 characters 20 sections 44 paragraphs 12 images 209 internal links 94 external links |
3. The development of leucotomy |
moniz 0.510 frontal 0.261 lobes 0.246 lobotomy 0.214 procedure 0.208 freeman 0.204 fulton 0.187 leucotomy 0.180 psychosurgery 0.111 surgical 0.110 burckhardt 0.108 neurosurgeon 0.094 italian 0.093 lobe 0.088 lima 0.086 |
Lobotomy ([λοβός – lobos ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup ( help ) : " lobe (of brain )"; τομή – tomē : "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός – leukos : "clear/white" and tome ). It consists of cutting or scraping away most of the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. While the procedure, initially termed a leucotomy, has been controversial since its inception in 1935, it was a mainstream procedure for more than two decades, prescribed for psychiatric (and occasionally other) conditions – this despite general recognition of frequent and serious side-effects. |
| 2012 |
165850 characters 14 sections 32 paragraphs 6 images 195 internal links 76 external links |
4. Indications and outcomes: medical literature |
lobotomy 0.479 procedure 0.247 freeman 0.212 moniz 0.212 lobotomies 0.179 psychosurgery 0.147 burckhardt 0.133 leucotomy 0.130 frontal 0.118 leucotome 0.118 lobotomized 0.118 watts 0.114 prefrontal 0.109 operative 0.094 orbitoclast 0.094 |
Lobotomy ([λοβός – lobos ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup ( help ) : " lobe (of brain )"; τομή – tomē : "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός – leukos : "clear/white" and tome ). Another name for this procedure is the "bilateral prefrontal lobotomy". [2] It consists of cutting the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. While the procedure, initially termed a leucotomy, has been controversial since its inception in 1935, it was a mainstream procedure for more than two decades, prescribed for psychiatric (and occasionally other) conditions—this despite general recognition of frequent and serious side-effects. |
| 2011 |
148059 characters 14 sections 31 paragraphs 5 images 188 internal links 71 external links |
4. Indications and outcomes: medical literature |
lobotomy 0.468 procedure 0.244 freeman 0.219 moniz 0.202 lobotomies 0.185 psychosurgery 0.152 leucotomy 0.134 frontal 0.121 leucotome 0.121 burckhardt 0.118 watts 0.118 prefrontal 0.103 lobotomized 0.097 operative 0.097 orbitoclast 0.097 |
Lobotomy ([λοβός – lobos ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup ( help ) : " lobe (of brain )"; τομή – tomē : "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός – leukos : "clear/white" and tome ). It consists of cutting the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. While the procedure, initially termed a leucotomy, has been controversial since its inception in 1935, it was a mainstream procedure for more than two decades, prescribed for psychiatric (and occasionally other) conditions—this despite general recognition of frequent and serious side-effects. Half of the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1949 was awarded to António Egas Moniz for the "discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses". [2] The heyday of its usage was from the early 1940s until the mid-1950s when modern neuroleptic ( antipsychotic ) medications were introduced. By 1951 almost 20,000 lobotomies had been performed in the United States. The decline of the procedure was gradual rather than precipitous. In Ottawa's psychiatric hospitals , for instance, the 153 lobotomies performed in 1953 were reduced to 58 by 1961, after the arrival in Canada of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine in 1954. [3] [4] |
| 2010 |
132447 characters 14 sections 37 paragraphs 4 images 203 internal links 52 external links |
4. Indications and outcomes: medical literature |
lobotomy 0.403 burckhardt 0.277 procedure 0.240 freeman 0.206 moniz 0.174 lobotomies 0.174 psychosurgery 0.159 lobotomized 0.137 frontal 0.114 watts 0.111 surgical 0.101 lobes 0.098 prefrontal 0.097 novel 0.095 1891 0.092 |
Lobotomy ([λοβός – lobos ] error: {{lang-xx}}: text has italic markup ( help ) : " lobe (of brain )"; τομή – tome : "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from the Greek λευκός – leukos : "clear/white" and tome ). It consists of cutting the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. While the procedure, initially termed a leukotomy, has been controversial since its inception in 1935, it was a mainstream procedure for more than two decades, prescribed for psychiatric (and occasionally other) conditions—this despite general recognition of frequent and serious side-effects. The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine of 1949 was awarded to António Egas Moniz "for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses". [2] The heyday of its usage was from the early 1940s until the mid-1950s when modern neuroleptic ( antipsychotic ) medications were introduced. By 1951 almost 20,000 lobotomies had been performed in the United States. The decline of the procedure was gradual rather than precipitous. In Ottawa's psychiatric hospitals , for instance, the 153 lobotomies performed in 1953 were reduced to 58 by 1961, after the arrival in Canada of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine in 1954. [3] [4] |
| 2009 |
115679 characters 15 sections 35 paragraphs 4 images 193 internal links 37 external links |
4. Indications for lobotomy: medical literature 5. Effects of lobotomy: medical literature 7. Notable cases (and an oft-cited non-case) |
lobotomy 0.381 procedure 0.259 freeman 0.222 burckhardt 0.199 lobotomies 0.188 leucotome 0.173 moniz 0.171 psychosurgery 0.137 frontal 0.123 cent 0.123 watts 0.119 leucotomy 0.106 lobes 0.106 prefrontal 0.105 1891 0.099 |
Lobotomy ( Greek : λοβός — lobos : " lobe (of brain )", τομή — tome : "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from Greek λευκός — leukos "clear/white" and tome). It consists of cutting the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex , the anterior part of the frontal lobes of the brain. Whilst the procedure, initially termed a leucotomy, has been controversial since its inception in 1935, it was for more than two decades a mainstream medical procedure employed to relieve the symptoms of psychiatric and, occasionally, other conditions. This was so despite the acceptance in the psychiatric, neurological and wider medical culture that the procedure often produced serious side-effects. The heyday of its usage was from the early 1940s until the mid-1950s when modern neuroleptic ( antipsychotic ) medications were introduced. By 1951 almost 20,000 lobotomies had been performed in the United States. The decline of the procedure was gradual rather than precipitous. In Ottawa's psychiatric hospitals , for instance, 58 lobotomies were performed in 1961, seven years after the arrival in Canada of the antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine in 1954. However, this did mark a decline from the 153 lobotomies performed in the same hospitals in 1953. [2] |
| 2008 |
70036 characters 7 sections 19 paragraphs 4 images 159 internal links 27 external links |
lobotomy 0.384 leucotome 0.271 freeman 0.268 psychosurgery 0.215 procedure 0.195 lobotomies 0.188 lobotomized 0.155 watts 0.125 frontal 0.116 portrayed 0.116 instrument 0.107 novel 0.107 surgery 0.107 prefrontal 0.105 lobes 0.095 |
A lobotomy ( Greek : lobos: Lobe of brain , tomos: "cut/slice") is a neurosurgical procedure, a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from Greek leukos: clear or white and tomos meaning "cut/slice"). It consists of cutting the connections to and from the prefrontal cortex . In some cases an instrument which was essentially an ice-pick—and sometimes an actual kitchen ice-pick was used with a carpenter's hammer [1] —was simply passed through the eye-socket and struck with a hammer when in the right position. These procedures result in major personality changes beyond what is desired, and can cause severe mental disabilities. Lobotomies were used mainly in the 1930s to 1950s to treat a wide range of severe mental illnesses , including schizophrenia , clinical depression , and various anxiety disorders, as well as people who were considered a nuisance by demonstrating behavior characterized as, for example, "moodiness" or "youthful defiance". The patient's informed consent in the modern sense was not obtained. After the introduction of the antipsychotic Chlorpromazine (Thorazine), lobotomies fell out of common use [1] and the procedure has since been characterized "as one of the most barbaric mistakes ever perpetrated by mainstream medicine". [2] |
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| 2007 |
43953 characters 7 sections 8 paragraphs 4 images 151 internal links 12 external links |
lobotomy 0.367 moniz 0.173 psychosurgery 0.173 frontal 0.167 destroying 0.167 slice 0.167 thin 0.167 heads 0.167 leucotomy 0.153 lobes 0.153 procedure 0.152 belgium 0.134 pick 0.134 watts 0.134 freeman 0.116 |
A lobotomy ( Greek : lobos: Lobe of brain , tomos: "cut/slice") is a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy or leucotomy (from Greek leukos: clear or white and tomos meaning "cut/slice"). It consists of cutting the connections to and from, or simply destroying, the prefrontal cortex . These procedures often result in major personality changes and possible mental retardation . Lobotomies were used in the past to treat a wide range of severe mental illnesses , including schizophrenia , clinical depression , and various anxiety disorders. |
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| 2006 |
14989 characters 5 sections 7 paragraphs 2 images 30 internal links 4 external links |
lobotomy 0.379 destroying 0.258 freeman 0.179 moniz 0.179 lobotomies 0.179 psychosurgery 0.179 tissue 0.179 frontal 0.172 heads 0.172 lobe 0.142 belgium 0.139 pick 0.139 watts 0.139 cutting 0.119 holes 0.119 |
A lobotomy ( Greek : lobos: Lobe of brain , tomy: cutting) is a form of psychosurgery , also known as a leukotomy (from Greek leukos: clear or white). It consists of cutting the connections to and from, or simply destroying, the prefrontal cortex . These procedures often result in major personality changes. Lobotomies have been used in the past to treat a wide range of mental illnesses including schizophrenia , clinical depression , and various anxiety disorders. |
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| 2004 |
825 characters 0 sections 1 paragraphs 0 images 1 internal links 0 external links |
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| 2003 |
3084 characters 1 sections 3 paragraphs 0 images 11 internal links 5 external links |
lobotomy 0.525 psychosurgical 0.382 procedure 0.262 bilateral 0.191 connective 0.191 icepick 0.191 leucotome 0.191 lobotomized 0.191 barbaric 0.191 superseded 0.191 destruction 0.154 invented 0.154 freeman 0.132 popularized 0.132 lobotomies 0.132 |
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| 2002 |
1675 characters 1 sections 2 paragraphs 0 images 5 internal links 1 external links |
psychosurgical 0.552 lobotomy 0.456 bilateral 0.276 connective 0.276 destruction 0.223 unpredictable 0.192 alleviating 0.192 ranging 0.152 surgical 0.152 lobe 0.152 frontal 0.138 procedure 0.126 selective 0.126 episode 0.126 technique 0.116 |
Lobotomy is a psychosurgical procedure involving selective destruction of connective nerve fibers in the frontal lobe of the brain . It was usually performed with the purpose of alleviating mental illness and chronic pain symptoms. The use of lobotomy is now regarded as a disastrously mistaken episode in surgical history, as its effects are often unpredictable and wide-ranging. |